> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://koova.gitbook.io/koova-whitepaper/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://koova.gitbook.io/koova-whitepaper/the-platform/technical-architecture.md).

# Technical Architecture

## Five-Layer Architecture

Koova’s architecture is built on five integrated layers, combining technical infrastructure with business logic.

### Layer 1: Proof Generation

This layer creates verifiable evidence of transactions using Type 0, 1, or 2 proofs. It includes:

* **Proof Selector:** Heuristic engine that automatically chooses which proof type to use based on transaction value, merchant reputation, and market conditions
* **Type 0 Generator:** ECDSA signatures for fast, simple proofs
* **Type 1 Generator:** Notarized TLS for medium-strength proofs
* **Type 2 Generator:** zkTLS for maximum-strength proofs
* **Proof Caching & Batching:** Reduces redundant computation and improves performance

### Layer 2: Verification & Validation

This layer validates proofs and detects fraud using machine learning. It includes:

* **Proof Validator:** Type-specific logic for validating each proof type
* **Offer Parser:** Structured data extraction from offers
* **Fraud Detector:** ML-based fraud detection trained on historical data
* **Rate Limiter:** x402-based rate limiting to prevent abuse

### Layer 3: Recording

This layer anchors proofs to an immutable ledger for disputes and compliance. It includes:

* **Merkle Tree Batching:** Efficient batching of proofs
* **Solana Program:** State storage on Solana blockchain
* **State Compression:** Hash + metadata for efficient storage

### Layer 4: Integration

This layer provides SDKs and plugins for easy integration. It includes:

* **JavaScript/TypeScript SDK:** For web and Node.js applications
* **Python SDK:** For backend merchants and data scientists
* **Rust SDK:** For high-performance agents
* **Plugin System:** Shopify, WooCommerce, and AI frameworks
* **Webhook Handlers:** Event-driven integration

### Layer 5: Governance & Economics

This layer manages incentives, pricing, and protocol evolution. It includes:

* **Reputation System:** Merchant and agent reputation tracking
* **Fee Structure:** Dynamic pricing based on market conditions
* **Governance DAO:** KOOVA token-based governance
* **x402 Coordinator:** Micropayment coordination


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